The Victor-Victrola Page

Timeline

Timeline of the Victor Phonograph Company

The following timeline shows key events during the era of the Victor Talking Machine Company (1900-1929) along with notable historical facts and world events. Events relating to Victor are shown in red.

1900    

  • Eldridge Johnson purchases the Berliner Gramophone Company after Emile Berliner loses a legal battle over rights to manufacture flat-disc Gramophones. Johnson forms the Consolidated Talking Machine Company

  • William McKinley is President of the United States; US population is 76,000,000

  • Puerto Rico and Hawaii added as US Territories

  • Ransom Olds forms Oldsmobile Motor Company

  • Carrie Nation leads national fight over consumption of alcoholic beverages

  • 1,500,000 telephones in use in the United States

1901

  • Johnson reorganizes Consolidated Talking Machine and calls the new venture The Victor Talking Machine Company

  • Victor $3, Type A, Type B, Type C, Monarch and Monarch Deluxe models introduced. The $3 machine would be equivalent to $120 today. The Monarch Deluxe ($60) would sell for $2,350 in today's economy. 

  • Victor sells 7,570 phonographs during the year

  • President McKinley assassinated on Sept 14; Theodore Roosevelt sworn in as President

  • J.P Morgan founds US Steel Corporation

1902

  • Victor introduces the "Rigid Arm" tone arm concept, which allows the arm to pivot independently from the horn

  • Victor Monarch Jr., Monarch Special, Type P, Royal, Victor II, Victor III and Victor IV models introduced. 

  • Philippines are declared US Territory

  • Practical air conditioning system invented and demonstrated

  • Flatiron Building in New York is the first skyscraper

1903

  • Victor introduces Type D, Type Z, Victor I models

  • Initial sketches of an internal horn phonograph design appear at Victor Research. This concept would eventually lead to production of the Victrola

  • Wright Brothers flight at Kitty Hawk

  • The Great Train Robbery is released as the first feature film

  • Ford Motor Company founded

  • First World Series baseball game held.

1904

  • Victor introduces the deluxe gold-trimmed Victor VI model, selling for $100 ($3,750 in today's money)

  • Tapering tone arm debuts on certain models

  • Work begins on Panama Canal

  • New York opens first subway train

  • Louisiana Purchase Exhibition held, first "Worlds Fair"

  • Roosevelt re-elected as President

1905

  • Victor sells 65,591 phonographs during the year

  • Russian Revolution begins

  • Einstein proposes Theory of Relativity

1906

  • Many external horn phonograph models undergo cabinet redesign

  • The pneumatic-powered Victor Auxetophone introduced in May. Selling for $500, this is equivalent to $18,600 today.

  • The first internal horn phonograph, the Victrola, is introduced in August. Selling for $200, this equates to $7,400 today. Even at this price, the Victrola is an instant success, selling well over 500 machines by year's end. The large upright cabinet is made by the Pooley Furniture Company of Philadelphia. It is denoted as the "VTLA"

  • San Francisco earthquake (April 18)

  • Congress passes the Pure Food and Drug Act

1907

  • Victor begins transitioning manufacture of large VTLA cabinets to its Camden plant, and begins using a "VV-XVI " (Victrola the Sixteenth) designation for the internal-horn model on Victrola advertisements.

  • The "domed-lid" is introduced on the Victrola during mid year, which allows raising the turntable and controls to a more convenient position.

  • Oklahoma admitted to the Union

  • Stock Market panic and economic downturn begins on Mar 13. This results in a gradual economic slowdown (recession) that runs through 1911.

1908

  • Victor introduces the Type O (zero) external horn phonograph

  • Victor introduces the super deluxe Victrola XX model with gold trim. Selling for $300 ($11,000 in today's money), it is discontinued within a year.

  • Victor sells a record 107,000 phonographs during the year. This sales volume would not be achieved again for 3 years due to an ongoing financial recession

  • Ford introduces the Model T, selling for $550 ($20,100 in today's money).

  • Roosevelt refuses to run for another term, William H. Taft elected US President

1909

  • Victor introduces the first tabletop internal horn phonograph, the Victrola XII. Selling for $125.00 ($4,600 in today's money), it fails to sell and is discontinued in 1910.

  • Victor introduces the economy Monarch Jr. external horn phonograph, priced at $10.00 ($370 in today's money).

  • Victrola introduces the custom "Moorish Marquetry" cabinet option for the VV-XVI. Selling for $750 ($27,600 in today's money), it is intended for very wealthy customers.

  • Victor sales plummet over 50% during the year due to the economic downturn.

  • Admiral Perry treks to the North Pole

1910

  • Victor focuses design and production efforts on the internal horn phonograph, and away from the external horn models. The Victrola X, Victrola XI and Victrola XIV models are introduced in September. These machines were intended to make the internal horn phonograph more affordable. The Tabletop VV-X was the lowest priced internal horn machine that Victor produced, selling for $75.00 ($2,650 in today's money).

  • The "Victor-Victrola" decal on all Victrolas is replaced with a simple "Victrola"

  • US Population is 92,000,000

  • Los Angeles Times Building destroyed by terrorist bombs

1911

  • Victor announces the Victrola IX early in the year. This is the first truly low-cost internal horn tabletop model selling for $50.00 ($1,750 in today's money) 

  • The Victrola VIII, Victrola VI and Victrola IV are introduced in the fall. The IV is priced at a mere $15.00 ($525 in today's money), making it the lowest cost internal model Victor ever produced. 

  • Victrola (internal horn) sales exceed sales of the external horn Victor phonographs for the first time. Victor's total product sales at a record 125,000 for the year. 

  • US sends troops to Mexico to fight in Mexican Revolution

  • First transcontinental air flight across US

  • Standard Oil breakup due to antitrust litigation

1912

  • Victrola XVI and XIV are restyled in the early fall. The XI and X are converted from table models to floor models. The X now has a "spider leg" design that is not popular with buyers.

  • Victor sales nearly double from the previous year. Production now at 252,000. 90% of production is now internal horn Victrola models.

  • Steamship Titanic sinks (April 15)

  • Woodrow Wilson elected US President

  • New Mexico and Arizona admitted to the Union

  • Universal Pictures and Woolworth Corporations founded

1913

  • Victor introduces the automatic brake feature on many models.

  • The spider-leg Victrola X is converted into a low-cost floor model phonograph

  • The Victor XXV "Schoolhouse" model is introduced, intended for use by public schools and institutions.

  • Pancho Villa rises as leader of Mexican Revolution

  • Camel Cigarettes introduced

  • Grand Central Station opens in New York

  • 16th Amendment passed, allowing government to collect income taxes

1914

  • Victor introduces Brown Mahogany as a finish option

  • World War I begins (June 28). USA announces neutrality in August

  • Ford Motor Company introduces the $5/day wage

  • Panama Canal opens

1915

  • The deluxe external-horn Victor VI model is discontinued due to the rapidly decreasing interest in external horn models.

  • The elegant Victrola XVIII is introduced in the spring. Selling for $300 ($9,950 in today's money) in basic mahogany, it is the most expensive non-custom phonograph that Victor manufactures. As a comparison, a Ford Model T Runabout sells for $345.

  • Steamship Lusitania sunk by German U-Boat (May 7)

  • Coast-to-Coast long distance service begins in US

  • Birth of a Nation is the first movie "blockbuster"

1916

  • Victor discontinues the too-expensive Victrola XVIII, and replaces it with the more reasonably-priced Victrola XVII.

  • General Pershing drives the invading Poncho Villa out of USA, back into Mexico

  • US purchases the Virgin Islands

  • President Woodrow Wilson re-elected

1917

  • Victor reaches all-time production high of 573,000 phonographs during the year. Of these, only about 6,000 are external-horn machines.

  • Victor introduces Victrola Period Models, an elite line of custom-built phonographs for the wealthy. Some models sell for as high as $900 ($23,400 in today's money). These are sold on a built-to-order basis.

  • Motor design improvements introduced in the fall (on some models) are indicated by an "A" suffix after the model identification (e.g. VV-VI-A)

  • US enters World War I (April 6).

  • Victor production partially converted to rifle components and biplane wings; by year's end; phonograph production drops dramatically

  • Immigration restricted into US

  • Russian Revolution begins under Lenin

1918

  • The Auxetophone is discontinued

  • Wartime inflation results in the first of a series of price increases for all Victor products.

  • Victrola production down over 40% due to material shortages and wartime production demands. Victrolas nearly impossible to find at dealers for Christmas Season

  • "A" suffix on models dropped in fall.

  • World War I ends (November 11)

  • Czar Nicolas II of Russia executed; Vladimir Lenin takes control

  • President Wilson travels to Europe for Peace Conference

  • Warner Brothers Corporation founded

1919

  • Victor production slowly converted back to phonographs, annual production rises to 474,000 units

  • Additional Victor price increases are implemented due to inflation

  • Series of Federal Court decisions rule against Victor Talking Machine Co.'s policy of establishing minimum selling prices. Dealers given more freedom to sell at any price they wish

  • Dealer protest against dual "Distributor/Dealer" franchises peaks during summer months. Victor pressured to separate wholesalers from retailers.

  • Victor production continues ramping-up as production is transitioned back from munitions to phonographs

  • Prohibition starts

  • President Wilson suffers stroke

  • Massive labor strikes provoke fears of growing Communism

  • Dial telephones introduced

1920

  • Victor discontinues production of all external horn machines (except for the "Schoolhouse" VV-XXV). Sales of external horn models is less than 2% of Victor's total production output

  • Annual sales of Victor phonographs climbs to 560,000, the second-best year ever. However, many competing phonograph companies are experiencing financial downturns by December, indicating that the phonograph business in general is waning.

  • US population is 105,700,000

  • Congress approves voting rights for women

  • First regular AM radio broadcast schedule established in Pittsburgh

  • Warren Harding elected US President

1921

  • The rapidly growing popularity of radio and intense competition from "upstart" phonograph manufacturers cuts severely into Victor's business. Production drops almost 30% for the year.

  • Victor introduces its first "console" style phonograph, the humpback VV-300, selling for a rather steep $250 ($4,675 in today's money). It meets with modest success.

  • Much of the Victrola line is re-named, using Arabic numbers instead of the Roman Numeral designations (e.g. the VV-XVI becomes the VV-120)

  • Victor offers its first "suitcase portable" model, the Victrola No. 50. 

  • President Harding announces plan for "return to normalcy" after the inflation and war-economy of WW-1

  • Agatha Christie is year's most popular writer

1922

  • Victor introduces a low-priced line of "flat-top" consoles, beginning with the "price leader" VV-210. Selling for $100 ($2,000 in today's money), it is an immediate success.

  • The success of the low-cost consoles only partially offsets Victor's lower production numbers due to new phonograph competitors and the introduction of home radio; sales rise a meager 5% for the year., while company profits begin to drop. The fact that competing phonograph companies are cutting their retail prices prevents Victor from implementing price increases as manufacturing costs rise.

  • First full-time commercial radio station established in New York City

  • King Tut's Tomb discovered

  • Lincoln Memorial dedicated

  • Mussolini takes over Italian government

1923

  • Victor launches a series of upper-medium priced consoles using styling cues from the Victrola Period models. The VV-400, VV-405 and VV-410 sell moderately well, but total Victor production levels remains stagnant at around 400,000 units per year. 

  • Due to falling profits, Victor's operating cash-flow becomes a serious problem for the business. To raise money, Victor Stock is offered to the public for the first time, at a per-share price of $100.00.

  • Victor's Christmas selling season is slow due to increased interest in radios.

  • President Harding dies (Aug 2); Calvin Coolidge sworn in

  • USSR is established under Lenin

  • Adolph Hitler arrested and jailed in Germany while trying to overtake the Munich city government

  • US occupation troops leave Germany

1924

  • Victor sales continue to slide during the year, deteriorating to a low point during the usually busy Christmas season. Radios are now the dominant Christmas entertainment gift;  hundreds of thousands of phonographs remain unsold at dealers and in warehouses.

  • Addition of deluxe "specialty" models (VV-350, VV-360, etc.) does nothing to improve sales

  • Late in the year, Victrolas are produced with optional mounting space and provisions for aftermarket radio installations; this is also an unsuccessful effort

  • Victor's unsold inventory rises to unsustainable levels;  a looming financial crisis results in massive company layoffs in December.

  • Victor begins to manufacture 'non-phonograph' goods (such as furniture and flooring) to keep the manufacturing operation afloat

  • Vladimir Lenin dies in USSR

  • Calvin Coolidge re-elected US President

  • Gershwin premieres "Rhapsody in Blue"

1925

  • Victor production falls by nearly 40% to an annual rate of 262,000 units, but most of these products are destined for warehouses and remain unsold.

  • During the summer, Victor launches a "half-price" sale to unload the massive inventory of old-style Victrolas.  It is a smashing success, but the company's image as a Wall Street winner is damaged. Victrolas are now considered obsolete.

  • Victor's stock approaches $0 value, and the company is very close to bankruptcy.

  • Victor meets with Bell Laboratories and Western Electric to hear demonstrations of electrical recordings, and soon licenses the electric recording process, as well as proprietary exponential horn designs. These designs will become the Victor "Orthophonic" line of phonographs later in the year.

  • Victor introduces the $15 VV 1-1 ($285 in today's money) tabletop phonograph, replacing the old VV-IV

  • 4 New Orthophonic Victrolas are introduced on November 2; the products are highly successful, since the fidelity and volume are many times greater than the earlier Victrolas. The new products range from the $85 Consolette ($1,625 in today's money) up to the $275 Credenza ($5,250 today).

  • Victor offers its first radio/phono combination console, the Alhambra I, selling for $350.00

  • Victor drops production of the last external horn phonograph, the "Schoolhouse" XXV

  • Scopes Trial in Tennessee debates the teaching of evolution

  • Chicago gang wars begin; Al Capone becomes dominant gangland figure

  • 40,000 KKK members march on Washington

1926

  • Some of the 1925 Orthophonic Victrolas are upgraded with new features early in the year, including improved motors and grille cloths over the horn openings.

  • The success of the Orthophonic models spurs Victor to release a number of new phonographs, including the VV 8-4 and VV 4-40.

  • The Borgia II is introduced, offering the highest quality electrical reproduction of both records and radio. Selling for $1000, this equates to $14,500 in today's money. However, given the incredible technological growth during this time, The Borgia would become obsolete within a year. 

  • Victor sales rebound to almost 420,000 units. Stock prices surge and the company returns to profitability

  • Joseph Stalin takes control of USSR

  • Emperor Hirohito assumes power in Japan

  • Ford Motor Company announces the beginning of the 40 hour workweek

1927

  • Victor introduces the first totally automatic record changer, the VV 10-50. Selling for $600 ($11,550 in today's money), it is powered by an electric motor, but uses acoustic reproduction. The VV 10-51 follows, offering the automatic changer combined with electrical reproduction for $1050 ($20,200 today). The VV 9-55 (released late in the year) offers state of the art phonograph and radio reproduction for $1550 ($29,850 today).

  • Eldridge Johnson sells The Victor Talking Machine Company to an investment holding company, JW Seligman (Jan 6)

  • Lindbergh makes trans-Atlantic flight (May 20)

  • The Jazz Singer is released as the first "talking picture"

  • Ford Motor Company introduces the Model A

  • First laboratory demonstration of working television

  • Al Capone is the richest man in America

1928

  • The Credenza is replaced with the slightly smaller VV 8-35. The popularity of electrically-amplified radio/phonographs is sharply reducing sales of acoustic models.

  • Herbert Hoover elected US President

  • Disney releases first cartoon, "Steamboat Willie"

  • First color movies demonstrated

1929

  • Victor introduces the ultra-elegant VV 9-56; selling for $1750 ($34,300 in today's money) it is the most expensive non-custom system ever offered by Victor.

  • Victor is sold again in October, becoming the RCA-Victor Company

  • Stock prices plunge in the Wall Street Crash of '29 (October 29) beginning the Great Depression

  • Penicillin discovered

  • St. Valentine's Massacre in Chicago spurs police crackdown on gangs

Return to General History Page